Global Third Party Logistics Market Size, Status and Forecast 2024-2031

Report ID: 953889 | Published Date: Sep 2024 | No. of Page: 96 | Base Year: 2023 | Rating: 4 | Webstory: Check our Web story
1 Report Overview
    1.1 Study Scope
    1.2 Market Analysis by Type
        1.2.1 Global Third Party Logistics Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
        1.2.2 DCC
        1.2.3 DTM
        1.2.4 ITM
        1.2.5 Logistics Software
    1.3 Market by Application
        1.3.1 Global Third Party Logistics Market Share by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
        1.3.2 Manufacturing
        1.3.3 Consumer Goods
        1.3.4 Retail
        1.3.5 Automotive
        1.3.6 Food and Beverage
        1.3.7 Others
    1.4 Study Objectives
    1.5 Years Considered

2 Global Growth Trends
    2.1 Global Third Party Logistics Market Perspective (2016-2027)
    2.2 Third Party Logistics Growth Trends by Regions
        2.2.1 Third Party Logistics Market Size by Regions: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
        2.2.2 Third Party Logistics Historic Market Share by Regions (2016-2021)
        2.2.3 Third Party Logistics Forecasted Market Size by Regions (2022-2027)
    2.3 Third Party Logistics Industry Dynamic
        2.3.1 Third Party Logistics Market Trends
        2.3.2 Third Party Logistics Market Drivers
        2.3.3 Third Party Logistics Market Challenges
        2.3.4 Third Party Logistics Market Restraints

3 Competition Landscape by Key Players
    3.1 Global Top Third Party Logistics Players by Revenue
        3.1.1 Global Top Third Party Logistics Players by Revenue (2016-2021)
        3.1.2 Global Third Party Logistics Revenue Market Share by Players (2016-2021)
    3.2 Global Third Party Logistics Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
    3.3 Players Covered: Ranking by Third Party Logistics Revenue
    3.4 Global Third Party Logistics Market Concentration Ratio
        3.4.1 Global Third Party Logistics Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
        3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Third Party Logistics Revenue in 2020
    3.5 Third Party Logistics Key Players Head office and Area Served
    3.6 Key Players Third Party Logistics Product Solution and Service
    3.7 Date of Enter into Third Party Logistics Market
    3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

4 Third Party Logistics Breakdown Data by Type
    4.1 Global Third Party Logistics Historic Market Size by Type (2016-2021)
    4.2 Global Third Party Logistics Forecasted Market Size by Type (2022-2027)

5 Third Party Logistics Breakdown Data by Application
    5.1 Global Third Party Logistics Historic Market Size by Application (2016-2021)
    5.2 Global Third Party Logistics Forecasted Market Size by Application (2022-2027)

6 North America
    6.1 North America Third Party Logistics Market Size (2016-2027)
    6.2 North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type
        6.2.1 North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2016-2021)
        6.2.2 North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2022-2027)
        6.2.3 North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2016-2027)
    6.3 North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application
        6.3.1 North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2016-2021)
        6.3.2 North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2022-2027)
        6.3.3 North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2016-2027)
    6.4 North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country
        6.4.1 North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country (2016-2021)
        6.4.2 North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country (2022-2027)
        6.4.3 United States
        6.4.4 Canada

7 Europe
    7.1 Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size (2016-2027)
    7.2 Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type
        7.2.1 Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2016-2021)
        7.2.2 Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2022-2027)
        7.2.3 Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2016-2027)
    7.3 Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application
        7.3.1 Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2016-2021)
        7.3.2 Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2022-2027)
        7.3.3 Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2016-2027)
    7.4 Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country
        7.4.1 Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country (2016-2021)
        7.4.2 Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country (2022-2027)
        7.4.3 Germany
        7.4.4 France
        7.4.5 U.K.
        7.4.6 Italy
        7.4.7 Russia
        7.4.8 Nordic

8 Asia-Pacific
    8.1 Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size (2016-2027)
    8.2 Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type
        8.2.1 Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2016-2021)
        8.2.2 Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2022-2027)
        8.2.3 Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2016-2027)
    8.3 Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application
        8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2016-2021)
        8.3.2 Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2022-2027)
        8.3.3 Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2016-2027)
    8.4 Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Region
        8.4.1 Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Region (2016-2021)
        8.4.2 Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Region (2022-2027)
        8.4.3 China
        8.4.4 Japan
        8.4.5 South Korea
        8.4.6 Southeast Asia
        8.4.7 India
        8.4.8 Australia

9 Latin America
    9.1 Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size (2016-2027)
    9.2 Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type
        9.2.1 Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2016-2021)
        9.2.2 Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2022-2027)
        9.2.3 Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2016-2027)
    9.3 Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application
        9.3.1 Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2016-2021)
        9.3.2 Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2022-2027)
        9.3.3 Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2016-2027)
    9.4 Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country
        9.4.1 Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country (2016-2021)
        9.4.2 Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country (2022-2027)
        9.4.3 Mexico
        9.4.4 Brazil

10 Middle East & Africa
    10.1 Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size (2016-2027)
    10.2 Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type
        10.2.1 Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2016-2021)
        10.2.2 Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2022-2027)
        10.2.3 Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2016-2027)
    10.3 Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application
        10.3.1 Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2016-2021)
        10.3.2 Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2022-2027)
        10.3.3 Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2016-2027)
    10.4 Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country
        10.4.1 Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country (2016-2021)
        10.4.2 Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country (2022-2027)
        10.4.3 Turkey
        10.4.4 Saudi Arabia
        10.4.5 UAE

11 Key Players Profiles
    11.1 AmeriCold Logistics
        11.1.1 AmeriCold Logistics Company Details
        11.1.2 AmeriCold Logistics Business Overview
        11.1.3 AmeriCold Logistics Third Party Logistics Introduction
        11.1.4 AmeriCold Logistics Revenue in Third Party Logistics Business (2016-2021)
        11.1.5 AmeriCold Logistics Recent Development
    11.2 DHL Supply Chain
        11.2.1 DHL Supply Chain Company Details
        11.2.2 DHL Supply Chain Business Overview
        11.2.3 DHL Supply Chain Third Party Logistics Introduction
        11.2.4 DHL Supply Chain Revenue in Third Party Logistics Business (2016-2021)
        11.2.5 DHL Supply Chain Recent Development
    11.3 FedEx
        11.3.1 FedEx Company Details
        11.3.2 FedEx Business Overview
        11.3.3 FedEx Third Party Logistics Introduction
        11.3.4 FedEx Revenue in Third Party Logistics Business (2016-2021)
        11.3.5 FedEx Recent Development
    11.4 Nippon Express
        11.4.1 Nippon Express Company Details
        11.4.2 Nippon Express Business Overview
        11.4.3 Nippon Express Third Party Logistics Introduction
        11.4.4 Nippon Express Revenue in Third Party Logistics Business (2016-2021)
        11.4.5 Nippon Express Recent Development
    11.5 UPS Supply Chain Solutions
        11.5.1 UPS Supply Chain Solutions Company Details
        11.5.2 UPS Supply Chain Solutions Business Overview
        11.5.3 UPS Supply Chain Solutions Third Party Logistics Introduction
        11.5.4 UPS Supply Chain Solutions Revenue in Third Party Logistics Business (2016-2021)
        11.5.5 UPS Supply Chain Solutions Recent Development

12 Analyst's Viewpoints/Conclusions

13 Appendix
    13.1 Research Methodology
        13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
        13.1.2 Data Source
    13.2 Disclaimer
    13.3 Author Details
List of Tables
    Table 1. Global Third Party Logistics Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million):2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
    Table 2. Key Players of DCC
    Table 3. Key Players of DTM
    Table 4. Key Players of ITM
    Table 5. Key Players of Logistics Software
    Table 6. Global Third Party Logistics Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
    Table 7. Global Third Party Logistics Market Size by Regions (US$ Million): 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
    Table 8. Global Third Party Logistics Market Size by Regions (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
    Table 9. Global Third Party Logistics Market Share by Regions (2016-2021)
    Table 10. Global Third Party Logistics Forecasted Market Size by Regions (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 11. Global Third Party Logistics Market Share by Regions (2022-2027)
    Table 12. Third Party Logistics Market Trends
    Table 13. Third Party Logistics Market Drivers
    Table 14. Third Party Logistics Market Challenges
    Table 15. Third Party Logistics Market Restraints
    Table 16. Global Third Party Logistics Revenue by Players (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
    Table 17. Global Third Party Logistics Market Share by Players (2016-2021)
    Table 18. Global Top Third Party Logistics Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Third Party Logistics as of 2020)
    Table 19. Ranking of Global Top Third Party Logistics Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2020
    Table 20. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by Third Party Logistics Revenue (CR5 and HHI) & (2016-2021)
    Table 21. Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
    Table 22. Key Players Third Party Logistics Product Solution and Service
    Table 23. Date of Enter into Third Party Logistics Market
    Table 24. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
    Table 25. Global Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Table 26. Global Third Party Logistics Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 27. Global Third Party Logistics Forecasted Market Size by Type (2022-2027) (US$ Million)
    Table 28. Global Third Party Logistics Revenue Market Share by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 29. Global Third Party Logistics Market Size Share by Application (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
    Table 30. Global Third Party Logistics Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
    Table 31. Global Third Party Logistics Forecasted Market Size by Application (2022-2027) (US$ Million)
    Table 32. Global Third Party Logistics Revenue Market Share by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 33. North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Table 34. North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 35. North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Table 36. North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 37. North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million) 
    Table 38. North America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country (2022-2027) & (US$ Million) 
    Table 39. Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Table 40. Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 41. Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Table 42. Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 43. Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million) 
    Table 44. Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country (2022-2027) & (US$ Million) 
    Table 45. Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Table 46. Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 47. Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Table 48. Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 49. Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Region (2016-2021) & (US$ Million) 
    Table 50. Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size by Region (2022-2027) & (US$ Million) 
    Table 51. Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Table 52. Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 53. Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Table 54. Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 55. Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million) 
    Table 56. Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country (2022-2027) & (US$ Million) 
    Table 57. Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Table 58. Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 59. Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Table 60. Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 61. Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million) 
    Table 62. Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size by Country (2022-2027) & (US$ Million) 
    Table 63. AmeriCold Logistics Company Details
    Table 64. AmeriCold Logistics Business Overview
    Table 65. AmeriCold Logistics Third Party Logistics Product
    Table 66. AmeriCold Logistics Revenue in Third Party Logistics Business (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
    Table 67. AmeriCold Logistics Recent Development
    Table 68. DHL Supply Chain Company Details
    Table 69. DHL Supply Chain Business Overview
    Table 70. DHL Supply Chain Third Party Logistics Product
    Table 71. DHL Supply Chain Revenue in Third Party Logistics Business (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
    Table 72. DHL Supply Chain Recent Development
    Table 73. FedEx Company Details
    Table 74. FedEx Business Overview
    Table 75. FedEx Third Party Logistics Product
    Table 76. FedEx Revenue in Third Party Logistics Business (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
    Table 77. FedEx Recent Development
    Table 78. Nippon Express Company Details
    Table 79. Nippon Express Business Overview
    Table 80. Nippon Express Third Party Logistics Product
    Table 81. Nippon Express Revenue in Third Party Logistics Business (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
    Table 82. Nippon Express Recent Development
    Table 83. UPS Supply Chain Solutions Company Details
    Table 84. UPS Supply Chain Solutions Business Overview
    Table 85. UPS Supply Chain Solutions Third Party Logistics Product
    Table 86. UPS Supply Chain Solutions Revenue in Third Party Logistics Business (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
    Table 87. UPS Supply Chain Solutions Recent Development
    Table 88. Research Programs/Design for This Report
    Table 89. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
    Table 90. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
    Figure 1. Global Third Party Logistics Market Share by Type: 2020 VS 2027
    Figure 2. DCC Features
    Figure 3. DTM Features
    Figure 4. ITM Features
    Figure 5. Logistics Software Features
    Figure 6. Global Third Party Logistics Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 2027
    Figure 7. Manufacturing Case Studies
    Figure 8. Consumer Goods Case Studies
    Figure 9. Retail Case Studies
    Figure 10. Automotive Case Studies
    Figure 11. Food and Beverage Case Studies
    Figure 12. Others Case Studies
    Figure 13. Third Party Logistics Report Years Considered
    Figure 14. Global Third Party Logistics Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2016-2027
    Figure 15. Global Third Party Logistics Market Size (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
    Figure 16. Global Third Party Logistics Market Share by Regions: 2020 VS 2027
    Figure 17. Global Third Party Logistics Market Share by Regions (2022-2027)
    Figure 18. Global Third Party Logistics Market Share by Players in 2020
    Figure 19. Global Top Third Party Logistics Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Third Party Logistics as of 2020
    Figure 20. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Third Party Logistics Revenue in 2020
    Figure 21. Global Third Party Logistics Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
    Figure 22. Global Third Party Logistics Revenue Market Share by Type (2022-2027)
    Figure 23. North America Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 24. North America Third Party Logistics Market Share by Type (2016-2027)
    Figure 25. North America Third Party Logistics Market Share by Application (2016-2027)
    Figure 26. North America Third Party Logistics Market Share by Country (2016-2027)
    Figure 27. United States Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 28. Canada Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 29. Europe Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 30. Europe Third Party Logistics Market Share by Type (2016-2027)
    Figure 31. Europe Third Party Logistics Market Share by Application (2016-2027)
    Figure 32. Europe Third Party Logistics Market Share by Country (2016-2027)
    Figure 33. Germany Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 34. France Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 35. U.K. Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 36. Italy Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 37. Russia Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 38. Nordic Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 39. Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 40. Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Share by Type (2016-2027)
    Figure 41. Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Share by Application (2016-2027)
    Figure 42. Asia-Pacific Third Party Logistics Market Share by Region (2016-2027)
    Figure 43. China Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 44. Japan Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 45. South Korea Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 46. Southeast Asia Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 47. India Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 48. Australia Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 49. Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 50. Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Share by Type (2016-2027)
    Figure 51. Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Share by Application (2016-2027)
    Figure 52. Latin America Third Party Logistics Market Share by Country (2016-2027)
    Figure 53. Mexico Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 54. Brazil Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 55. Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 56. Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Share by Type (2016-2027)
    Figure 57. Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Share by Application (2016-2027)
    Figure 58. Middle East & Africa Third Party Logistics Market Share by Country (2016-2027)
    Figure 59. Turkey Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 60. Saudi Arabia Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 61. UAE Third Party Logistics Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 62. AmeriCold Logistics Revenue Growth Rate in Third Party Logistics Business (2016-2021)
    Figure 63. DHL Supply Chain Revenue Growth Rate in Third Party Logistics Business (2016-2021)
    Figure 64. FedEx Revenue Growth Rate in Third Party Logistics Business (2016-2021)
    Figure 65. Nippon Express Revenue Growth Rate in Third Party Logistics Business (2016-2021)
    Figure 66. UPS Supply Chain Solutions Revenue Growth Rate in Third Party Logistics Business (2016-2021)
    Figure 67. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
    Figure 68. Data Triangulation
    Figure 69. Key Executives Interviewed
Please ask for List of Figures. Request Sample Report
Companies Included in Reports:
AmeriCold Logistics
DHL Supply Chain
FedEx
Nippon Express
UPS Supply Chain Solutions
Frequently Asked Questions
Third Party Logistics report offers great insights of the market and consumer data and their interpretation through various figures and graphs. Report has embedded global market and regional market deep analysis through various research methodologies. The report also offers great competitor analysis of the industries and highlights the key aspect of their business like success stories, market development and growth rate.
Third Party Logistics report is categorised based on following features:
  1. Global Market Players
  2. Geopolitical regions
  3. Consumer Insights
  4. Technological advancement
  5. Historic and Future Analysis of the Market
Third Party Logistics report is designed on the six basic aspects of analysing the market, which covers the SWOT and SWAR analysis like strength, weakness, opportunity, threat, aspirations and results. This methodology helps investors to reach on to the desired and correct decision to put their capital into the market.

Related Reports

Thoracic Surgery

Thoracic surgery is a procedure to treat medical conditions involving heart and lungs. It include ... Read More