List of Tables
    Table 1. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Size by Type (K Units) & (US$ Million) (2021 VS 2027)
    Table 2. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
    Table 3. Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Size Comparison by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
    Table 4. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units) by Manufacturers
    Table 5. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
    Table 6. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
    Table 7. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
    Table 8. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
    Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Electric Motorcycle and Scooter as of 2020)
    Table 10. Global Market Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
    Table 11. Manufacturers Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production Sites and Area Served
    Table 12. Manufacturers Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Product Types
    Table 13. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
    Table 14. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units) by Region (2016-2021)
    Table 15. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2016-2021)
    Table 16. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
    Table 17. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 18. North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 19. Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 20. Asia Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 21. South America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 22. Middle East & Africa Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 23. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Market by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Table 24. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
    Table 25. North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Table 26. Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Table 27. Asia Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Table 28. Latin America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption by Countries (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Table 29. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units) by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 30. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 31. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 32. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 33. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 34. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption by Application (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Table 35. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
    Table 36. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
    Table 37. Yadea Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 38. Yadea Specification and Application
    Table 39. Yadea Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 40. Yadea Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 41. Yadea Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 42. AIMA Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 43. AIMA Specification and Application
    Table 44. AIMA Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 45. AIMA Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 46. AIMA Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 47. Lvyuan Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 48. Lvyuan Specification and Application
    Table 49. Lvyuan Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 50. Lvyuan Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 51. Lvyuan Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 52. Sunra Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 53. Sunra Specification and Application
    Table 54. Sunra Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 55. Sunra Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 56. Sunra Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 57. TAILG Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 58. TAILG Specification and Application
    Table 59. TAILG Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 60. TAILG Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 61. TAILG Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 62. Lima Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 63. Lima Specification and Application
    Table 64. Lima Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 65. Lima Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 66. Lima Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 67. BYVIN Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 68. BYVIN Specification and Application
    Table 69. BYVIN Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 70. BYVIN Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 71. BYVIN Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 72. Zongshen Electric Motorcycle Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 73. Zongshen Electric Motorcycle Specification and Application
    Table 74. Zongshen Electric Motorcycle Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 75. Zongshen Electric Motorcycle Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 76. Zongshen Electric Motorcycle Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 77. Wuyang Honda Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 78. Wuyang Honda Specification and Application
    Table 79. Wuyang Honda Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 80. Wuyang Honda Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 81. Wuyang Honda Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 82. HONG ER DA Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 83. HONG ER DA Specification and Application
    Table 84. HONG ER DA Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 85. HONG ER DA Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 86. HONG ER DA Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 87. Lvjia Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 88. Lvjia Specification and Application
    Table 89. Lvjia Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 90. Lvjia Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 91. Lvjia Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 92. Slane Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 93. Slane Specification and Application
    Table 94. Slane Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 95. Slane Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 96. Slane Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 97. Opai Electric Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 98. Opai Electric Specification and Application
    Table 99. Opai Electric Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 100. Opai Electric Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 101. Opai Electric Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 102. Supaq Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 103. Supaq Specification and Application
    Table 104. Supaq Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 105. Supaq Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 106. Supaq Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 107. Supaq Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 108. Xiaodao Ebike Specification and Application
    Table 109. Xiaodao Ebike Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 110. Xiaodao Ebike Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 111. Xiaodao Ebike Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 112. Sykee Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 113. Sykee Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 114. Sykee Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 115. Sykee Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 116. Aucma EV Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 117. Aucma EV Specification and Application
    Table 118. Aucma EV Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 119. Aucma EV Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 120. Aucma EV Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 121. Accell Group Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 122. Accell Group Specification and Application
    Table 123. Accell Group Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 124. Accell Group Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 125. Accell Group Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 126. Terra Motor Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 127. Terra Motor Specification and Application
    Table 128. Terra Motor Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 129. Terra Motor Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 130. Terra Motor Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 131. Govecs Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 132. Govecs Specification and Application
    Table 133. Govecs Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 134. Govecs Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 135. Govecs Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 136. Gazelle Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 137. Gazelle Specification and Application
    Table 138. Gazelle Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 139. Gazelle Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 140. Gazelle Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 141. ZEV Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 142. ZEV Specification and Application
    Table 143. ZEV Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 144. ZEV Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 145. ZEV Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 146. Zero Motorcycles Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 147. Zero Motorcycles Specification and Application
    Table 148. Zero Motorcycles Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 149. Zero Motorcycles Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 150. Zero Motorcycles Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 151. Horwin Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 152. Horwin Specification and Application
    Table 153. Horwin Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 154. Horwin Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 155. Horwin Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 156. Ninebot Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 157. Ninebot Specification and Application
    Table 158. Ninebot Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 159. Ninebot Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 160. Ninebot Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 161. Aerlang Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 162. Aerlang Specification and Application
    Table 163. Aerlang Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 164. Aerlang Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 165. Aerlang Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 166. Niu Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 167. Niu Specification and Application
    Table 168. Niu Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 169. Niu Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 170. Niu Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 171. Super Soco Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Corporation Information
    Table 172. Super Soco Specification and Application
    Table 173. Super Soco Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 174. Super Soco Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 175. Super Soco Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 176. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
    Table 177. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
    Table 178. Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Distributors List
    Table 179. Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Customers List
    Table 180. Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Trends
    Table 181. Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Growth Drivers
    Table 182. Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Challenges
    Table 183. Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Restraints
    Table 184. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
    Table 185. North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
    Table 186. Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
    Table 187. Asia Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (K Units)
    Table 188. Latin America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
    Table 189. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (K Units)
    Table 190. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 191. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (USD/Unit)
    Table 192. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
    Table 193. Research Programs/Design for This Report
    Table 194. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
    Table 195. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
    Figure 1. Product Picture of Electric Motorcycle and Scooter
    Figure 2. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Share by Type: 2020 VS 2027
    Figure 3. Electric Motorcycle Product Picture
    Figure 4. Electric Scooter Product Picture
    Figure 5. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 2027
    Figure 6. E-Commerce
    Figure 7. Retail Store
    Figure 8. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
    Figure 9. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue (US$ Million) (2016-2027)
    Figure 10. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units) & (2016-2027)
    Figure 11. North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
    Figure 12. Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
    Figure 13. Asia Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
    Figure 14. South America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
    Figure 15. Middle East & Africa Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
    Figure 16. Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
    Figure 17. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
    Figure 18. Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2020
    Figure 19. Global Market Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2020
    Figure 20. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue in 2020
    Figure 21. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
    Figure 22. North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
    Figure 23. Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
    Figure 24. Asia Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
    Figure 25. South America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
    Figure 26. Middle East & Africa Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
    Figure 27. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
    Figure 28. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Market Share by Region in 2020
    Figure 29. North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 30. North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
    Figure 31. Canada Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 32. U.S. Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 33. Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 34. Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
    Figure 35. Germany America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 36. France Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 37. U.K. Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 38. Italy Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 39. Russia Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 40. Asia Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 41. Asia Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
    Figure 42. China Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 43. Japan Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 44. South Korea Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 45. Taiwan Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 46. Southeast Asia Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 47. India Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 48. Australia Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 49. Latin America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 50. Latin America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
    Figure 51. Mexico Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 52. Brazil Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Figure 53. Production Market Share of Electric Motorcycle and Scooter by Type (2016-2021)
    Figure 54. Production Market Share of Electric Motorcycle and Scooter by Type in 2020
    Figure 55. Revenue Share of Electric Motorcycle and Scooter by Type (2016-2021)
    Figure 56. Revenue Market Share of Electric Motorcycle and Scooter by Type in 2020
    Figure 57. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
    Figure 58. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
    Figure 59. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
    Figure 60. Key Raw Materials Price Trend
    Figure 61. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Electric Motorcycle and Scooter
    Figure 62. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Electric Motorcycle and Scooter
    Figure 63. Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Industrial Chain Analysis
    Figure 64. Channels of Distribution
    Figure 65. Distributors Profiles
    Figure 66. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
    Figure 67. North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
    Figure 68. Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
    Figure 69. Asia Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
    Figure 70. South America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
    Figure 71. Middle East & Africa Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
    Figure 72. Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Electric Motorcycle and Scooter (2015-2027) & (K Units)
    Figure 73. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Production Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
    Figure 74. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
    Figure 75. Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
    Figure 76. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
    Figure 77. Data Triangulation